This is a blog by Yashvir Singh aka Hunny Sulhan, which will share random articles from many different topics from minor to major. Scientific and non-scientific subjects.
In a study published today in the Nature Communications, researchers from King's College London have shown how skin vaccination can generate protective CD8 T-cells that are recruited to the genital tissues and could be used as a vaccination strategy for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
One of the challenges in developing vaccines for STIs, such as HIV or herpes simplex virus, is understanding how to attract specialised immune cells, called CD8 T-cells, to take up residence in the part of the body where the virus first enters. These cells need to be in place, armed and ready to provide an immediate protective immune defence, rather than waiting for immune cells in the blood to enter the tissues which takes time.
Before this study, it was thought that vaccines ideally needed to be delivered directly to the body surface (e.g. female genital tissue) where the infection might start, so that the immune system can generate these CD8 T-cells, travel back to the vaccination site and eliminate any future virus that is encountered. However, delivering vaccines directly to the female genital tissue is neither patient friendly nor efficient.
Now the team from King's have found that their vaccination strategy marshals a platoon of immune cells, called innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) and monocytes, in the genital tissues to work together and release chemicals (chemokines) to send out a call to the CD8 T-cells generated by the vaccine to troop into the genital tissue.
This research builds on the team's earlier work to develop skin vaccination techniques using a dissolvable 'microneedle' vaccine patch that once placed against the skin dissolves and releases the vaccine without requiring a hypodermic needle injection and generates immune responses.
Lead author, Professor Linda Klavinskis from King's College London said: "This study highlights how specialised groups of 'innate' immune cells in distant tissues can be harnessed to attract protective CD8 T-cells, arming the body's frontline tissues from infection.
"We now need to confirm these results with other types of vaccines from the one used in the study to see if a common pathway is triggered by skin vaccination. If proven, this could have a significant impact in improving the effectiveness of vaccines against sexually transmitted infections."
An important aspect of human memory is our ability to conjure specific moments from the vast array of experiences that have occurred in any given setting. For example, if asked to recommend a tourist itinerary for a city you have visited many times, your brain somehow enables you to selectively recall and distinguish specific memories from your different trips to provide an answer.
Studies have shown that declarative memory -- the kind of memory you can consciously recall like your home address or your mother's name -- relies on healthy medial temporal lobe structures in the brain, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC). These regions are also important for spatial cognition, demonstrated? by the Nobel-Prize-winning discovery of "place cells" and "grid cells" in these regions -- neurons that activate to represent specific locations in the environment during navigation (akin to a GPS). However, it has not been clear if or how this "spatial map" in the brain relates to a person's memory of events at those locations, and how neuronal activity in these regions enables us to target a particular memory for retrieval among related experiences.
A team led by neuroengineers at Columbia Engineering has found the first evidence that individual neurons in the human brain target specific memories during recall. They studied recordings in neurosurgical patients who had electrodes implanted in their brains and examined how the patients' brain signals corresponded to their behavior while performing a virtual-reality (VR) object-location memory task. The researchers identified "memory-trace cells" whose activity was spatially tuned to the location where subjects remembered encountering specific objects. The study is published today in Nature Neuroscience.
"We found these memory-trace neurons primarily in the entorhinal cortex (EC), which is one of the first regions of the brain affected by the onset of Alzheimer 's disease," says Joshua Jacobs, associate professor of biomedical engineering, who directed the study. "Because the activity of these neurons is closely related to what a person is trying to remember, it is possible that their activity is disrupted by diseases like Alzheimer's, leading to memory deficits. Our findings should open up new lines of investigation into how neural activity in the entorhinal cortex and medial temporal lobe helps us target past events for recall, and more generally how space and memory overlap in the brain."
The team was able to measure the activity of single neurons by taking advantage of a rare opportunity: invasively recording from the brains of 19 neurosurgical patients at several hospitals, including the Columbia University Irving Medical Center. The patients had drug-resistant epilepsy and so had already had recording electrodes implanted in their brains for their clinical treatment. The researchers designed experiments as engaging and immersive VR computer games and the bedridden patients used laptops and handheld controllers to move through virtual environments. In performing the task, subjects first navigated through the environment to learn the locations of four unique objects. Then the researchers removed the objects and asked patients to move through the environment and mark the location of one specific object on each trial.
The team measured the activity of neurons as the patients moved through the environment and marked their memory targets. Initially, they identified purely spatially tuned neurons similar to "place cells" that always activated when patients moved through specific locations, regardless of the subjects' memory target. "These neurons seemed only to care about the person's spatial location, like a pure GPS," says Salman E. Qasim, Jacobs' PhD student and lead author of the study.
But the researchers also noticed that other neurons only activated in locations relevant to the memory the patient was recalling on that trial -- whenever patients were instructed to target a different memory for recall, these neurons changed their activity to match the new target's remembered location. What especially excited Jacobs and Qasim is that they could actually decode the specific memory a patient was targeting based on the activity of these neurons.
"Our study demonstrates that neurons in the human brain track the experiences we are willfully recalling, and can change their activity patterns to differentiate between memories. They're just like the pins on your Google map that mark the locations you remember for important events," Qasim says. "This discovery might provide a potential mechanism for our ability to selectively call upon different experiences from the past and highlights how these memories may influence our brain's spatial map."
Jacobs and Qasim plan next to look for evidence that these neurons represent memories in non-spatial contexts to better characterize their role in memory function. "We know now that neurons care about where our memories occur and now we want to see if these neurons care about other features of those memories, like when they occurred, what occurred, and so on," Qasim notes.
If you are looking for ways to make money online then you have come to the right place. This particular page as well as this entire site is dedicated to that very subject.
In 2003, I walked away from my day job(J.O.B. = Just Over Broke) and as a direct result of my success with internet marketing.
Like any successful entrepreneur, my journey has been filled with ups and downs, however it amazes me what I have been able to accomplish online with some effort and elbow grease.
Fast forward eight years later and I am still earning great sums of money as a direct result of the various make money methods which I implement daily.
Below I have posted a video that is based what I personally believe is the very best way to make money online in 2013.
And it’s also the very thing that I’m doing myself.
I’ve also created over 60 minutes of FREE training to help you move forward and get results which you can access when you sign up below.
This method does not require:
Write content (in fact, I’m outsourcing all my content)
Ability to create fancy graphics or art work.
Dependent on previous sales or marketing experience.
Even better, this method does not require:
Domain’s
Web hosting
Complex software
25 WAYS IN WHICH TO MAKE MONEY ONLINE
1. Make Money Online Filling Out Surveys
Fill Out Surveys: Sign up with one or more of the many survey companies easily found on the Internet and select the type of survey(s) which will suit you best. The forms of these surveys on products and/or are quite easy to fill out and they can earn you good extra money.
2. Make Money Online Selling on eBay
Sell on eBay: Tens of thousands of people are spending good amounts of cash on eBay each and every day of the year and sellers are making substantial amounts of money. There is no reason why you too should not take a bite out of this moneymaking online opportunity.
Obtaining a seller’s account at eBay is free, quick and easy and I suggest you practice their auction system by selling your own personal items which you no longer need or want.
3. Make Money Online Blogging
Blog: When they are set up effectively, monetized blogs can generate impressive incomes over time and to create them merely requires a minimal expense and some of your time and effort.
Serious bloggers who want to retain full control use their own domains but you can also utilize free hosting sites such as Blogger or WordPress.
4. Make Money Online Trading Binary Options
Trade Binary Options: Becoming a trader of binary options which are simply financial contracts requires no prior experience, just intuition to predict whether commodities such as gold, silver, international monetary exchange rates, etc. will go up or down in the immediate future.
Correct predictions in the trading binary options game can earn huge amounts of money very quickly.
5. Make Money Online with Websites
Create Websites: With rather small upfront investments for domain names and webhosting services, you can build and publish websites that can serve as your online storefronts for any number of great moneymaking techniques such as affiliate marketing, selling your own products, AdSense ads, etc.
Today’s Internet provides numerous easy and free platforms like WordPress for building, publishing and maintaining websites that rank well, drive search engine traffic that converts into sales that make good money.
6. Make Money Online with Affiliate Marketing
Affiliate Marketing: As an affiliate marketer, you will direct buyers from your promotional website to vendors who will pay you commission for each completed sales transaction. It’s as simple as that and can be extremely lucrative.
All you need to do is join the right affiliate program, create your sales page and watch the money roll in.
7. Make Money Online with Facebook
Facebook: Being the most popular social media that’s becoming more and more fashionable all the time, tens or even hundreds of thousands of individuals from around the world are using Facebook each and every day. Thus it has become a very effective platform for making money online.
The process is quick, easy and fun. Simply sign up, create your Facebook page and start the networking process by branding yourself, your skills and your products / services.
8. Make Money Online by Website Flipping
Website Flipping: You can sharpen your skills and make good online money by building, developing and publishing websites and then selling them for profit. To ensure that the websites you intend to flip or sell have the following desirable attributes:
• High Google page rankings • Attract substantial search engine traffic • Visual appeal • Consistently generate money via AdSense, affiliate links, paid memberships, paid ads, etc.
9. Make Money Online by Writing Content
Writing Content: Every website needs written content, informational or tutorial, and many site owners and/or webmasters either don’t know how to write or are afraid of the process. This opens up terrific opportunities for making money online by writing content for sites (websites and blogs) as well as eBooks, e-Magazines, e-Manuals, e-Newsletters, etc.
The downside to writing for the web is that it’s usually ghostwriting which means that credit will not be given. The upside, however, is that there is good money to be made directly or through classified ads and Craigslist as well as through services such as provided by vWorker and Elance.
10. How to Make Money Online with Google AdSense
Google AdSense: AdSense is an online money generating system that works on autopilot once it has been set up on a website or blog and has been known to bring in impressive profits.
It is a system whose membership is free and it pops in ads which are relevant to the content of the given site. Each time a visitor to your site clicks on one of the ads, you effortlessly earn some money.
11. Make Money Online by Promoting & Selling eBooks
Promoting & Selling eBooks: Today’s Internet is filled with countless eBooks on every topic imaginable and in every niche market. Since creators / writers of these eBooks are continually looking for help promoting and selling them, you can make terrific online money by becoming their affiliate marketer.
Of course, you can also write your own informational or tutorial eBooks and proceed to promote and sell them yourself. In this case the profits will be all yours as a posed to merely settling for commission.
12. Make Money Online with ClickBank
ClickBank: Having been named as America’s No. 1 affiliate network, ClickBank is the largest and most comprehensive online marketplace through which affiliate marketers can promote other developers’ digital products and vendors can sell digital information products that they’ve created themselves.
Listing tens of thousands of products, serving more than 200 countries around the world and providing incredible administrative services; ClickBank is the perfect venue for making money online.
13. Make Money Online via CPA Offers
CPA Offers: Gaining popularity all the time, CPA (Cost Per Action) is a way of making money online without actually selling anything. Add a CPA offer on you website and each time a visitor clicks on its link and proceeds by following directions to enter their name, email address, zip code, etc. you get paid.
Signing up as a CPA marketer is extremely easy and setting up the system on your site is completely intuitive.
14. Make Money Online by Trading Forex
Trading Forex: Much like buying and selling of stocks and bonds in the stock market, trading Forex is buying and selling foreign currencies for profit.
Although prior experience in trading is a definite plus, trading Forex is not at all hard to learn and the earning can be tremendous. I would highly recommend for newbies to start out with fake demo accounts and practice, practice, practice.
15. Make Money Online with Twitter
Twitter: Second only to Facebook in its scope within the social media environment, Twitter is a venue through which tens of thousands of members “tweet” communities consisting of families, friends, neighbors, associates, colleagues, etc. And much like Facebook, Twitter offers terrific opportunities for earning money online.
The key to cashing in through this platform is to compile a large list of contacts with whom trustworthy relationships are formed and cultivated overtime.
16. Make Money Online through Network Marketing or MLM
Network Marketing or MLM: Marketing researchers predict that network marketing or multi-level marketing (MLM) will be the fastest growing industry of the foreseeable future and the possibilities are nearly limitless. As a matter of fact, that is how wealthy individuals like Donald Trump and Tony Robbins have started out and you could too.
However, network marketing or MLM will require that you take time to learn the ropes and then be willing to invest the energy and hard work that is required for success in this highly profitable arena.
17. Make Money Online through Informational Membership Sites.
Informational Membership Sites: Unlike most website that want to attract as many visitors as possible, membership sites allow access only to those individuals who have opted in or signed up to become paid members.
Select an interesting topic and provide worthwhile information, and your membership database will continue to grow and the proceeds will flow straight into your pockets.
18. Make Money Online by Writing for Other Bloggers
Writing for Other Bloggers: The Internet has many online companies which are constantly searching for writers for their blogs and a good example would be Creative Weblogging. Likewise, there are companies such as Pay U 2 Blog that would be willing to pay you for writing on your own blog.
Depending on how much time and effort you are willing and able to invest, you can opt for both options and you can sign up with multiple companies. How much online money you will be making is entirely up to you.
19. Make Money Online by Bringing Offline Products to the Web
Bring Offline Product to the Web: Becoming a sales agent for a company that sells products which have not yet been introduced to the net is a great way to make money online because the competition has not yet formed.
Perform your due diligence, launch a great promotional website around such products and sell to your heart’s content because you will have no rivals who might snatch your customers away.
20. How to Make Money Online by Becoming a Virtual Assistant
Become a Virtual Assistant: If you have marketable skills such as administrative, accounting, bookkeeping, editing, translating, proofreading, etc. and you own a computer that has a good Internet connection and a working telephone; there is no reason why you could not earn great online money by working from the comfort of your own home.
With telephone services, online and cell phone messaging and emails you could be communicating and transferring project back and forth with individuals and/or companies all over the world.
21. Make Money Online by Selling Custom Animal ID Tags
Sell Custom Animal ID Tags: As long as there will be pet ownership and there is no danger of that ever decreasing, ID tags for cats and dogs will continue to be in high demand.
Create a highly professional SEO website that effectively promotes animal ID tags, set up an online payments system, sign up with appropriate manufacturers and watch the money rolling in as the sales increase.
22. Make Money Online by Building Custom Search Engines
Build a Custom Search Engine: Google is known throughout the World Wide Web as being quite literally an untouchable search engine that is too big and powerful to compete against.
Today’s reality is that competing against Google is indeed futile. However, creating a search engine that delivers that which Google or the other large search engines such as Yahoo and Bing fail to deliver might carve a very profitable niche for a savvy Internet marketer.
23. How to Make Money Online by Establishing Virtual Forum Communities
Establish a Virtual Forum Community: Setting up online forums adds more value to existing websites to increase search engine page rankings, provides resourceful communities to increase traffic of visitors who are eager to return frequently and adds more options for monetizing.
The best news about establishing forum communities is the fact that it is a totally underutilized market and will, therefore, have little to no competition and audiences of Internet browsers will be flocking to it.
24. Make Money Online by Providing Wedding Services
Provide Wedding Services: Do your research, collect relevant resources and strike relationships with; flower shops, bakeries, wedding gown boutiques, catering services, makeup artists, banquet halls, printers, etc. With all that at your finger tips, you will then be able to provide wedding services and relieve the individuals who are directly involved in these happy occasions from having to distress over it.
There is loads of money to be earned online by creating website that provide these much desired services. Sites of this nature also land themselves beautifully to AdSense Ads which will generate even more income.
25. Make Money Online from Scrap Metal Services
Scrap Metal Services: Metals of various kinds have become valuable commodities. Therefore metallic stuff that is often considered rubbish or junk can be turned in for cash. Learn where the nearest scrap metal yards are, what kinds of metals they take and how much they pay. Establish a place for collecting these metals and be sure to have a truck onto which you can then load them.
Finally, create a website that provides scrap metal services for local individuals who don’t want to bother driving their metals to yards. You’ll be doing your neighbors a favor by relieving them of their otherwise useless metallic items and earning good money in the process.
Whole world is celebrating
this auspicious day by reaching
Gurdwara s and paying obesience
to Guru Granth Sahib Ji in the
name of Guru Nanak Ji's birthday.
\
Seeking blessings on this day
is main aim of every Sikh. 💕
