The Mathematics of Relationships, AI and Human Eco space

Category theory provides a structural framework for mathematics and is on its way to becoming a language for consciousness in the universe.” Learn how it relates to Haramein’s Holofractal Universe.

Forbes Magazine recently shed light on the fact that “there is a growing belief that the current understanding of science cannot wholly explain human life, mind, and consciousness, nor can it explain the nature and origin of life, matter, the environment, the universe and reality“. It summarizes a podcast held by the Author Jayshree Pandya called Risk Roundup, where she discussed Category Theory for application in cyberspace, aquaspace, geospace and space (CAGS) with Mathematical Physicist and Professor of Mathematics Dr. Baez.

Beyond doubt, the human body is an open system, so physical laws that do require a closed system, are applicable only under certain conditions – a mathematical framework for open system could improve our future creations. New Technologies require a better understanding of communication in a collective of entities and within its environment.

“In any system, we are dealing with on Earth, it is always very fundamentally an open system – its constantly being affected in unpredictable ways by the outside world and it is also affecting the outside world in unpredictable ways.”

Professor (Dr.) John Carlos Baez University of California, Riverside

“Based on the Mathematical Universe Hypothesis, the emerging reality is that we live in a relational reality. What does that mean? It means that the properties of the biosphere around us stem not from properties of its ultimate building blocks, but from the relations among these building blocks. (…) self-organization is an obvious principle which is embedded in our description of the universe (…) If an individual being is seen as a single unit, what defines and determines our behaviour and relationships?” the article reads. You can find it here.

RSF In Perspective

On Objects (Electrons, the Universe, and the PSU):

– Haramein’s Holographic Mass Solution (HMS) has been shown to be precise for astronomical objects like the Universe and Black Holes (Quantized Gravity), as well as for nuclear objects like the Proton and the Electron (Quantum Gravity). Now the recent paper by Haramein & Val Baker: Resolving the Vacuum Catastrophe: A Generalized Holographic Approach shows, in concord with lack of experimental proof, no need for dark matter or dark energy to describe universal dynamics. http://hiup.org/the-vauum-catastrophe/

– The Holofractal Universe provides an understanding on how the fundamental forces are structuring the insides of measurable fundamental objects. The Basic Building-Block Unit required for Category Theory would be in this case the tiny Planck Spherical Unit (PSU), a spinning grain (Voxel) of the quantum smoothie called spacetime.

RSF In Perspective

On Morphisms (Entanglement, Micro-Wormhole, Bonds and Relationships):

– One of the three mathematical entities in Category Theory are called morphisms (also known as maps or arrows). Each morphism f has a source object a and a target object b. Entangled states in the micro-wormhole network of spacetime voxels co-creating complexity and awareness would be ideally represented by morphisms, as both Category Theory and the Holofractal Universe Theory have topological fundamentals.

– The Unified Spacememory Network: from Cosmogenesis to Consciousness (DOI:10.14704.nq.2016.14.4.961) by Haramein, Brown and Val Baker discuss how feedback-loops of information flow are required for realistic timeline of the emergence of our universe. The exchange happens over the boundary via micro wormholes of holographic quantum entanglement with the outside world.

– Unified Physics and the Entanglement Nexus of Awareness (DOI: 10.14704.nq.2019.17.7.2519) published in May 2019 now further explains a mechanism of vacuum-state correlation of quanta in the neurobiological system resulting in a co-dependency of states. The information processing of awareness is discussed with reference to DNA, microtubules and coherent electromagnetic emissions by both water nanostructures and biomolecules. This explains how the rise of complexity via awareness guided entanglement can be expressed biophysically and leads to the resolution of the binding problem and the information loss paradox.

Heat energy leaps through empty space, thanks to quantum weirdness

Heat energy leaps through empty space, thanks to quantum weirdness

\If you use a vacuum-insulated thermos to help keep your coffee hot, you may know it's a good insulator because heat energy has a hard time moving through empty space. Vibrations of atoms or molecules, which carry thermal energy, simply can't travel if there are no atoms or molecules around.

But a new study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, shows how the weirdness of quantum mechanics can turn even this basic tenet of classical physics on its head.

The study, appearing this week in the journal Nature, shows that heat energy can leap across a few hundred nanometers of a complete vacuum, thanks to a quantum mechanical phenomenon called the Casimir interaction.

Though this interaction is only significant on very short length scales, it could have profound implications for the design of computer chips and other nanoscale electronic components where heat dissipation is key. It also upends what many of us learned about heat transfer in high school physics.

"Heat is usually conducted in a solid through the vibrations of atoms or molecules, or so-called phonons -- but in a vacuum, there is no physical medium. So, for many years, textbooks told us that phonons cannot travel through a vacuum," said Xiang Zhang, the professor of mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley who guided the study. "What we discovered, surprisingly, is that phonons can indeed be transferred across a vacuum by invisible quantum fluctuations."

In the experiment, Zhang's team placed two gold-coated silicon nitride membranes a few hundred nanometers apart inside a vacuum chamber. When they heated up one of the membranes, the other warmed up, too -- even though there was nothing connecting the two membranes and negligible light energy passing between them.

"This discovery of a new mechanism of heat transfer opens up unprecedented opportunities for thermal management at the nanoscale, which is important for high-speed computation and data storage," said Hao-Kun Li, a former Ph.D. student in Zhang's group and co-first author of the study. "Now, we can engineer the quantum vacuum to extract heat in integrated circuits."

No such thing as empty space

The seemingly impossible feat of moving molecular vibrations across a vacuum can be accomplished because, according to quantum mechanics, there is no such thing as truly empty space, said King Yan Fong, a former postdoctoral scholar at UC Berkeley and the study's other first author.

"Even if you have empty space -- no matter, no light -- quantum mechanics says it cannot be truly empty. There are still some quantum field fluctuations in a vacuum," Fong said. "These fluctuations give rise to a force that connects two objects, which is called the Casimir interaction. So, when one object heats up and starts shaking and oscillating, that motion can actually be transmitted to the other object across the vacuum because of these quantum fluctuations."

Though theorists have long speculated that the Casimir interaction could help molecular vibrations travel through empty space, proving it experimentally has been a major challenge. To do so, the team engineered extremely thin silicon nitride membranes, which they fabricated in a dust-free clean room, and then devised a way to precisely control and monitor their temperature.

They found that, by carefully selecting the size and design of the membranes, they could transfer the heat energy over a few hundred nanometers of vacuum. This distance was far enough that other possible modes of heat transfer were negligible -- such as energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, which is how energy from the sun heats up Earth.

Because molecular vibrations are also the basis of the sounds that we hear, this discovery hints that sounds can also travel through a vacuum, Zhang said.

"Twenty-five years ago, during my Ph.D. qualifying exam at Berkeley, one professor asked me 'Why can you hear my voice across this table?' I answered that, 'It is because your sound travels by vibrating molecules in the air.' He further asked, 'What if we suck all air molecules out of this room? Can you still hear me?' I said, 'No, because there is no medium to vibrate,'" Zhang said. "Today, what we discovered is a surprising new mode of heat conduction across a vacuum without a medium, which is achieved by the intriguing quantum vacuum fluctuations. So, I was wrong in my 1994 exam. Now, you can shout through a vacuum."

Co-authors of the paper include Rongkuo Zhao, Sui Yang and Yuan Wang of UC Berkeley.

This research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant 1725335, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) (award OSR-2016-CRG5-2950-03; OSR-2016-CRG5-2996) and the Ernest S. Kuh Endowed Chair in Engineering.

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Story Source:

Materials provided by University of California - Berkeley. Original written by Kara Manke. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Voyager 2 reaches interstellar space

This artist's concept shows the locations of NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft relative to the heliosphere, or the protective bubble of particles and magnetic fields created by our Sun. Both Voyagers are now outside the heliosphere, in a region known as interstellar space, or the space between stars.

Voyager 1 has a companion in the realm of the stars.

Researchers at the University of Iowa report that the spacecraft Voyager 2 has entered the interstellar medium (ISM), the region of space outside the bubble-shaped boundary produced by wind streaming outward from the sun. Voyager 2, thus, becomes the second human-made object to journey out of our sun's influence, following Voyager 1's solar exit in 2012.

In a new study, the researchers confirm Voyager 2's passage on Nov. 5, 2018, into the ISM by noting a definitive jump in plasma density detected by an Iowa-led plasma wave instrument on the spacecraft. The marked increase in plasma density is evidence of Voyager 2 journeying from the hot, lower-density plasma characteristic of the solar wind to the cool, higher-density plasma of interstellar space. It's also similar to the plasma density jump experienced by Voyager 1 when it crossed into interstellar space.

"In a historical sense, the old idea that the solar wind will just be gradually whittled away as you go further into interstellar space is simply not true," says Iowa's Don Gurnett, corresponding author on the study, published in the journal Nature Astronomy. "We show with Voyager 2 -- and previously with Voyager 1 -- that there's a distinct boundary out there. It's just astonishing how fluids, including plasmas, form boundaries."

Gurnett, professor emeritus in the UI Department of Physics and Astronomy, is the principal investigator on the plasma wave instrument aboard Voyager 2. He is also the principal investigator on the plasma wave instrument aboard Voyager 1 and authored the 2013 study published in Science that confirmed Voyager 1 had entered the ISM.

Voyager 2's entry into the ISM occurred at 119.7 astronomical units (AU), or more than 11 billion miles from the sun. Voyager 1 passed into the ISM at 122.6 AU. The spacecraft were launched within weeks of each other in 1977, with different mission goals and trajectories through space. Yet they crossed into the ISM at basically the same distances from the sun.

That gives valuable clues to the structure of the heliosphere -- the bubble, shaped much like a wind sock, created by the sun's wind as it extends to the boundary of the solar system.

"It implies that the heliosphere is symmetric, at least at the two points where the Voyager spacecraft crossed," says Bill Kurth, University of Iowa research scientist and a co-author on the study. "That says that these two points on the surface are almost at the same distance."

"There's almost a spherical front to this," adds Gurnett. "It's like a blunt bullet."

Data from the Iowa instrument on Voyager 2 also gives additional clues to the thickness of the heliosheath, the outer region of the heliosphere and the point where the solar wind piles up against the approaching wind in interstellar space, which Gurnett likens to the effect of a snowplow on a city street.

The Iowa researchers say the heliosheath has varied thickness, based on data showing Voyager 1 sailed 10 AU farther than its twin to reach the heliopause, a boundary where the solar wind and the interstellar wind are in balance and considered the crossing point to interstellar space. Some had thought Voyager 2 would make that crossing first, based on models of the heliosphere.

"It's kind of like looking at an elephant with a microscope," Kurth says. "Two people go up to an elephant with a microscope, and they come up with two different measurements. You have no idea what's going on in between. What the models do is try to take information that we have from those two points and what we've learned through the flight and put together a global model of the heliosphere that matches those observations."

The last measurement obtained from Voyager 1 was when the spacecraft was at 146 AU, or more than 13.5 billion miles from the sun. The plasma wave instrument is recording that the plasma density is rising, in data feeds from a spacecraft now so far away that it takes more than 19 hours for information to travel from the spacecraft to Earth.

"The two Voyagers will outlast Earth," Kurth says. "They're in their own orbits around the galaxy for five billion years or longer. And the probability of them running into anything is almost zero."

"They might look a little worn by then," Gurnett adds with a smile.

The Iowa study is one of five papers on Voyager 2 published in Nature Astronomy. These papers confirm the passage of Voyager 2 to interstellar space and provide details on the characteristics of the heliopause.

Gurnett and Kurth are the study's sole authors. Their research was funded by NASA, through a contract with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

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Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Iowa. Original written by Richard C. Lewis. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Distant worlds under many suns

Is Earth the only habitable planet in the universe or are there more worlds somewhere out there that are capable of supporting life? And if there are, what might they look like? In a bid to answer these fundamental questions, scientists are searching space for exoplanets: distant worlds that orbit other stars outside our solar system.

More than 4,000 exoplanets are known to date, most of them orbiting single stars like our Sun. Now astrophysicist Dr Markus Mugrauer of Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, has discovered and characterised many new multiple star systems that contain exoplanets. The findings confirm assumptions that the existence of several stars influences the process by which planets are formed and develop. The study by Mugrauer, of the Astrophysical Institute and University Observatory of the University of Jena, has now been published in the specialist journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Space telescope provides precise data

"Multiple star systems are very common in our Milky Way," explains Mugrauer. "If such systems include planets, they are of particular interest to Astrophysics, because the planetary systems in them can differ from our solar system in fundamental ways." To find out more about these differences, Mugrauer searched more than 1,300 exoplanet host stars with exoplanets orbiting them to see whether they have companion stars. To this end, he accessed the precise observation data of the Gaia space telescope, which is operated by the European Space Agency (ESA).

In this way, he succeeded in demonstrating the existence of around 200 companion stars to planetary host stars that are up to 1,600 light years away from the Sun. With the help of the data, Mugrauer was also able to characterise the companion stars and their systems in more detail. He found that there are both tight systems with distances of only 20 astronomical units (au) -- which in our solar system corresponds approximately to the distance between the Sun and Uranus -- as well as systems with stars that are over 9,000 au from each other.

Red and white dwarfs

The companion stars also vary as to their mass, temperature and stage of evolution. The heaviest among them weigh 1.4 times more than our Sun, while the lightest have only 8 per cent of the Sun's mass. Most of the companion stars are low-mass, cool dwarf stars that glow faintly red. However, eight white dwarfs were also identified among the faint stellar companions. A white dwarf is the burnt-out core of a sun-like star, which is only about as big as our Earth, but half as heavy as our Sun. These observations show that exoplanets can indeed survive the final evolutionary stage of a nearby sun-like star.

Double, triple and quadruple star systems with exoplanets

The majority of the star systems with exoplanets identified in the study have two stars. However, some two dozen hierarchical triple star systems and even a quadruple star system were detected. In the range of distances investigated, of between approximately 20 and 10,000 astronomical units, a total of 15 per cent of the stars studied have at least one companion star. This is only about half the frequency expected in general for solar-like stars. In addition, the companion stars detected show distances about five times greater than in ordinary systems.

"These two factors taken together could indicate that the influence of several stars in a star system disrupts the process of planet formation as well as the further development of their orbits," says Mugrauer. The cause of this could be first the gravitational impact of a stellar companion on the gas and dust disc in which planets form around their host star. Later, the gravitation of the stellar companion influences the motion of the planets around their host star.

Markus Mugrauer would like to pursue the project further. In the future, too, the multiplicity of newly discovered planetary host stars would be studied using data from the Gaia mission and any companion stars detected would be precisely characterised. "In addition, we will combine the results with those of an international observational campaign, which we are currently conducting on the same topic at the Paranal Observatory of the European Southern Observatory in Chile," added Mugrauer. "We will then be able to investigate the precise influence of stellar multiplicity on the formation and development of planets."